Dependency Ratio

Definition: The dependency ratio is the number of young and elderly people in a population divided by the total adult population. The larger the dependency ratio is, the greater the burden on the average adult because the needs of the dependents must be met by the rest of the adult population.

Metamorphosis Analysis - 1503 Words

John Maynard Keynes once said, â€Å"Capitalism is the astounding belief that the most wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone.† 20th century novelist, Franz Kafka would agree with such a statement as he strongly despised capitalism and its faults. In his celebrated short story, Metamorphosis, Kafka explores the cruelty and exploitations of capitalism through the eyes of Gregor Samsa. ironically, he also represents capitalism to further illustrate its barbarity. Kafka’s use of irony is significant for it leaves the readers confused and distraught, making them question the actuality of capitalism. Kafka (or Capitalism) is sympathetic to the proletariat. This includes Gregor and the charwoman†¦show more content†¦This means even the slightest of mishaps would leave us struggling to survive in the world. This cruelty is shown when the Chief Clerk pays a visit to Gregor’s apartment to accuse him of indolence. Mr. Samsa, what is wrong? You barricade yourself in your room, give us no more than yes or no for an answer, you are causing serious and unnecessary concern to your parents and you fail - and I mention this just by the way - you fail to carry out your business duties in a way that is quite unheard of. I m speaking here on behalf of your parents and of your employer, and really must request a clear and immediate explanation. I am astonished, quite astonished. (Kafka 1). This is the first time in fifteen years that Gregor has been late yet the clerk hyperbolizes the situation and goes on to say that Gregor could be fired. The capitalist world requires loyalty and is cruel because it doesn t empathize with anyone. The brutality of capitalism and its responsibility causes laborers to become more inhuman as they begin to isolate themselves whilst lacking compassion and mercy. Gregor’s transformation might be physically unpleasant but he is stripped from the burden of responsibi lity. Kafka is sympathetic to Gregor by turning him into a bug who is excused from working in the cruel world of capitalism. The charwoman who is introduced later in the story also exemplifies the savagery acquired from capitalism. The charwoman is hired to take care of the heavy work aroundShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Metamorphosis1501 Words   |  7 PagesBeveridge, A. (2009). Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 15(6), 459-461. This brief article is written from the psychiatric perspective, pointing out that Kafka has always been of great interest to the psychoanalytic community; this is because his writings have so skillfully depicted alienation, unresolved oedipal issues, and the schizoid personality disorder and The Metamorphosis is no exception to this rule. While this writer tends to think that psychiatrists shouldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Metamorphosis 854 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis can be analyzed in many different ways. One way that could be looked into is why exactly Gregor is turned into an insect. There are many things that he could have changed into, like a monkey or a bird for example. But Kafka makes it obvious that Gregor is a bug although he never says what kind. Bugs can be, more or less, controlled, considered useless, and gross. To call a person a bug means they can bend easily to another’s will and are expendableRead MoreAnalysis Of Metamorphosis826 Words   |  4 Pages Metamorphosis, written by Franz Kafka, is a novelette detailing the life of a young man named Gregor and his family, which include his sister, Grete, and his parents. Gregor is a traveling salesman who has an overbearing manager and extremely long hours. He is unhappy with his job due to these circumstances and the fact that he is not able to make any friends. One morning Gregor wakes up and is suddenly a beetle instead of a normal human. The life of everyone in the household is flipped upsideRead MoreAnalysis Of The Metamorphosis Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesan attempt to distance oneself from an undesirable event or occurrence. It can also range from an overt set of actions as a person is changed, to willful ignorance, malicious or otherwise, of an individual’s dreams or goals. Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, in which the main character, Gregor Samsa, awakens to find himself changed, contains several obvious examples of this dehumanization. He has become vermin of some kind, no longer even human. Deprived even of basic human form, and transfiguredRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Metamorphosis 1422 Words   |  6 PagesElaina Faerber, Hannah Lindsey, Jake Sims Mrs. De Oro Hon, English 12A Pd 3 19 October 2015 Literary Analysis Essay-Rejection When individuals are rejected by family and society, they tend to feel abandoned and unloved. In Franz Kafka’s, The Metamorphosis, Gregor’s transformation into a â€Å"monstrous vermin† (Kafka 1) results in him being psychologically and even physically abused by his family. Rejection from his mother, sister, and father leave Gregor feeling unwanted and feeling as if he is a terribleRead MoreMetamorphosis Analysis1761 Words   |  8 PagesFranz Kafkas The Metamorphosis is so strikingly absurd that it has engendered countless essays dissecting every possible rational and irrational aspect of the book. One such essay is entitled Kafkas Obscurity by Ralph Freedman in which he delves down into the pages of The Metamorphosis and ferrets out the esoteric aspects of Kafkas writing. Freedman postulates that Gregor Samsa progresses through several transformations: a transformation of spatial relations, a transformation of time, and aRead MoreThe Metamorphosis Character An alysis1193 Words   |  5 PagesSometimes the people that you love and care for the most are the ones who will send you to your breaking point. Betrayal could quite possibly be the most hurtful action you can take towards someone. Throughout the novella, The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Gregor goes through a traumatic transformation only to find his family turn their backs on him and send him to his demise. This story can be looked at in a few different ways.(Connect these sentences) One of which is that Gregor literally turnedRead Moreâ€Å"Analysis of Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka938 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Metamorphosis† is an absurd novella written by the careful and self-conscious writer, Franz Kafka and narrated in third person omniscient by an anonymous figure who tells the story of protagonist Gregor Samsa in a neutral tone. The story was published in 1915 and is primarily about the effects of Samsa’s transformation into a large and monstrous bug. Kafk a’s use of irony, symbolism and, major themes make a strong impact. The story takes place in a room of an apartment with no definite historicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Kafka s The Metamorphosis 1166 Words   |  5 Pagesresides in his ability to transform his private torment into universal fables. Much of Kafka s early writing is lost, but 1912 proved to be a breakthrough year for him as he wrote some of his most important stories, including The Judgment, the metamorphosis, and much of his novels. This was also the year when Kafka met Felice Bauer, to whom he was engaged (and disengaged) twice over the next five years in a storm of letters with extremely little physical interaction. His belief in the importanceRead MoreAnalysis Of Kafka s The Metamorphosis 989 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Freedman’s critical essay titled â€Å"Kafka’s Obscurity† on Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis delves into the idea that from changes in the protagonist’s physical limitations, familial bonds, and his being â€Å"[he] is finally reduced to a mere speck of self-awareness which is ultimately extinguished† (Freedman 131). General questions of â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† are almost immediately dismissed due to the calm and monotonous tone that Kafka implements throughout the novel. Instead, the reader is encouraged to

Drug Use and Child Stars free essay sample

How commercial drug use affected famous child stars and their careers? Jermell Woods University Of Phoenix Res/110 Elaine Raby June12, 2010 Since the 1940’s Americans have had a fascination with child stars. Television shows like The Little Rascal’s, Leave it to Beaver, The Andy Griffin Show and The Cosby Show have produced some timeless memorable performances by child actors and some have become stars in the process. Sadly commercial drug use has greatly affected the careers of some of the people we have watched on television every night. Former child stars like Michael Jackson, Lindsey Lohan, Todd Bridges and Corey Haim were on top of the world at one time now they are either deceased or shells of themselves living off their past. American megastar Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, on August 29, 1958, and entertained audiences nearly his entire life. His father, Joe Jackson, a guitarist was forced to give up his musical ambitions following his marriage to Katherine . Together they stimulated their growing familys musical interests at home. By the early 1960s, their oldest sons Jackie, Tito and Jermaine had begun performing around the city; by 1964, Michael and Marlon had joined in forming The Jackson 5. A musical genius, Michaels singing and dancing talents were amazingly advanced, and he soon became the lead singer and focus of The Jackson 5. An opening act for such soul groups as the O-Jays and James Brown by 1969, the boys were producing back-to-back chart-busting hits as Motown artists (I Want You Back, ABC, Never Can Say Goodbye, Got to Be There, etc. ). By the 1970s, the boys emerged as one of the most accomplished black pop/soul vocal groups in music history, successfully evolving to a disco phenomenon. Solo success for Michael was unavoidable, and by the 1980s, he had become infinitely more popular than his brotherly group. Record sales consistently orbited, culminating in the biggest-selling album of all time, Thriller in 1982. A TV natural, he ventured rather uneasily into films, such as playing the Scarecrow in The Wiz (1978), but had much better luck with elaborate music videos. In the 1990s, the downside as an 1980s pop phenomenon began to rear itself. Michael grew terribly child-like and introverted by his peerless celebrity. A rather strange figure, to begin with, his physical appearance began to change drastically, and his behavior grew alarmingly bizarre, making him a consistent target for scandal-making, despite his numerous charitable acts. Two brief marriages one to Elvis Presleys daughter Lisa Marie Presley were forged and two children produced by his second wife during that time, but the purposes behind them appeared image-oriented. Despite it all, Michael Jacksons passion and artistry as a singer, dancer, writer and businessman are unparalleled, and it is these prodigious talents that will ultimately prevail over the extremely negative aspects of his seriously troubled adult life. For it all to end on June 25, 2009, with his sudden death at age 50 of a drug-induced cardiac arrest, just as he was coming out of a four-year reclusive period and rehearsing for a sold-out London concert This is it in July, seems uncommonly cruel and tragic. Millions upon millions of dedicated fans will remember where they were the day Michael died. My heart is overcome with sadness for the devastating loss of my true friend (Shields 2009)†. As the star of the long-running television series Diffrent Strokes, Todd Bridges became a household name as a child actor. Millions of fans watched him in the role of Willis Drummond in the series, which aired from 1978 to 1986, and enjoyed him in guest-starring roles on other popular telev ision shows in the 1970s and 1980s. Once Diffrent Strokes left the air, however, Bridges experienced a difficult transition as he struggled to move ahead as an adult actor. Arrested several times for drug and weapons offenses, Bridges later admitted that cocaine addiction had sent his life out of control. It took over a decade to get his life back on track with his new-found sobriety, marriage, and a series of bit parts on television shows and in films. In 2002 Bridges landed a comeback role on the popular daytime television drama The Young and the Restless and participated in the sensationalistic Fox network broadcast of Celebrity Boxing against former rap star Vanilla Ice. I have much more to overcome because its a matter of people believing in me and trusting in me, the actor told Jet in October of 1999. He added, No one is beyond problems. Its just that mine were public and theirs werent. Im not looking for a handout, just an opportunity. Canadian-born Cory Haim broke into the Film industry in 1984 as a young child caught up in a family war in the hit movie Firstborn (1984). The following year he starred in the TV movie A Time to Live (1985) (TV), for which he received an award, and S (1985). Lucas (1986), in which he starred alongside Charlie Sheen showed his ability, but was not a big hit. In 1987 he had a breakthrough when he played one of the major roles in Joel Schumachers The Lost Boys (1987), but his output during the nineties onwards was disappointing. Haim ranked #26 on VH1s 100 Greatest Kid Stars. He died suddenly, of a suspected accidental drug overdose, on March 10, 2010. Haim was buried at Thorn hill memorial chapel in Toronto on March 16th, 2010. Because Haim was broke at the time of his death, a celebrity memorabilia site that he sometimes sold items to, Startifacts, had donated $20,000 to cover the cost of the transportation and headstone. Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 2, 1986) is an American actress, model, and pop singer. Lohan started in show business as a child fashion model. At age 11, she made her motion picture debut in Disneys 1998 remake of The Parent Trap. Lohan rose to fame between 2003 and 2005 with leading roles in the films Freaky Friday, Mean Girls and Herbie: Fully Loaded. She appeared in independent movies like Robert Altmans A Prairie Home Companion and Bobby. Her career was interrupted in 2007 as two DUI incidents and three visits to rehabilitation facilities led to several lost movie deals. She guest starred in the TV series Ugly Betty in 2008 and filmed Robert Rodriguezs Machete in 2009. With the pressures of money and fame many actors, actresses and entertainers who start their career early have a hard time staying of top. Questionable off camera incidents like child molestation accusations and commercial drug use has greatly affected the careers of music icons and some of Hollywood’s most promising stars. Many of the people whose music you listened or shows you watched are out of the limelight and are not around anymore. Sadly if you see them on television most of the time it is in a negative way. Some of the entertainers who have had challenges to their careers have been able to overcome their shortcomings. Tragically most of them are not here anymore due to premature deaths. References (2009). Michael Jacksons Death Quotes. Retrieved from http://www. mahalo. com/michael-jacksons-death-quotes (2010). Death Of Gary Coleman. Retrieved from http://www. essence. com/entertainment/star_gazing/todd_bridges_on_gary_coleman. php (2009). Todd Bridges Biography. Retrieved from http://www. tvguide. com/celebrities/todd-bridges/bio/177031 (1998). Celebrity Child Stars. Retrieved from http://www. childstarlets. com/ 2010). Child Stars Then and Now. Retrieved from http://photos. tmz. com/galleries/child_stars_then_and_now#tab=most_recent (2010). Black Celebrity Kids. Retrieved from http://www. blackcelebkids. com/ F. , C. (April 19, 2009). Top 10 child stars gone bad. Retrieved from http://listverse. com/2009/04/19/top-10-child-stars-gone-bad/ (April 28, 2010 ). Todd Bridges Darkes t Days. Retrieved from http://www. accesshollywood. com/former-child-stars? __source=rss%7Clim/latest_news (March 18, 2007). Top 10 Self-Destructive Child Actors. Retrieved from http://www. toptenz. net/top-10-self-destructive-child-actors. php

League Of Nations Essays - Cabot Family, Treaty Of Versailles

League Of Nations The Versaille Treaty, an agreement for peaceful terms among the warring nations of World War I, was extinguished by the insatiable desires of all parties involved. Woodrow Wilson, an inflexible, idealistic, righteous President was up against the vengeful Allies. Each with their own imperialistic views, conflicted as peace negotiations began. Wilson wanting to "make the world safe for Democracy" swooped into Paris to negotiate his Fourteen Points, leaving the Republicans impotent state back in the United States. Thus, Wilson's ideas faced great opposition by the Big Business Republican Party fearful he was going to run for reelection and by the Allies whom were looking to occupy German territory. It became apparent that the Allies were far more concerned with imperialism than the idealism Wilson pushed for in the League of Nations. This League leads to the basic understanding to the failure of the Versaille Treaty. The League of Nations faced great resistance first by the Allies and later the Republicans, which led to the Wilson -Lodge feud, the ultimate cause of destruction. Woodrow Wilson was thought to have a Messiah complex due to his desire to dictate peace and his unwillingness to compromise. At the end of World War I he compiled Fourteen Points, ultimately as propaganda. His main goal was to "make the world safe for Democracy," in other words, extend America's power and ideals through foreign nations. Of these Fourteen Points the most important was the League of Nations, an attempt to reorder the world. However, a great opponent of this "Wilsonian League" was Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican opponent. Ultimately, many of the obstacles Wilson faced could have been over come had he publicly admitted he was not running for reelection once his prominence grew if the League was authorized. He also would have avoided defeat if he had been more willing to compromise with the republicans and added on a few revisions. Once the treaty was fabricated it met Republican opposition. In 1918 Wilson had appealed for a Democratic Congress to support his policy, however, due to issues at home the voters did the opposite. With Republicans in Control of both houses opposition was immense. Once the Senate denied the League, Wilson returned to Paris for modifications, but once again he faced resistance. France was looking to obtain the German Rhineland; likewise France and Japan were looking to gain territory. The outcome was the sacrifice of many of Wilson's Fourteen Points to establish a stronghold for the League of Nation. However, the modified treaty was undermined by the return of soldiers when it was apparent that "wartime idealism" had plummeted and the war for democracy had failed seeing that the Allies "greedy Imperialists." The illibreals, foreign groups and anti-British all had different views of the treaty, but ultimately it didn't matter because it only brought more attention to an immerging "problem." Republicans felt they had the right to revise the treaty when it returned from Paris because they had had no representative in at Peace Conference in France due to Wilson and also because their soldiers had fought in the war. This sort of division was what defeated the Treaty, American soldiers had not fought, Republican and Democrat soldiers had. Thus Lodge delayed the treaty by holding hearings in which foreign representatives sighted their objections to the pact. Lodge then began to tact reservations on the treaty. However not all approved, many mild reservationists felt that Lodge's reservation were too strong. They could have been persuaded by the Wilson to join the Democratic side, but he didn't defer to them. In an attempt to fight Lodge's reservations, Wilson toured across the country, however this is what brought the ultimate demise of the Versaille Treaty. After a powerful speech on the behalf of the League of Nations, Wilson suffered a stroke. With no Leader in the Senate to replace him, Lodge had control. Once Wilson was even capable of making decisions, he refused to compromise his beliefs to Lodge. However, public opinion still favored the treaty (with some reservations) and when the Senate voted it down, they were forced to revote by the public. Lodge then entered into secret negotiations with the Democrats, which landed him in an accusation of treachery, and Lodge eventually dropped these negotiations. Wilson then directed his democratic following to reject the treaty, but they felt the pact could no longer be ratified, thus many vote in favor of it. The public never being able to directly express their views of the treaty gained the opportunity when Harding ran for president, whom

Euthanasia Essays (980 words) - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics

Euthanasia Essays (980 words) - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics Euthanasia The term Euthanasia has become well known throughout the country. The word is derived from ancient Greek eu thantos, meaning easy death. Today, euthanasia is referred to as mercy killing. There is much controversy over whether or not the practice is just. Euthanasia raises many religious, medical, and ethical issues. Euthanasia can either be active or passive. Active euthanasia occurs when a physician or other medical personnel induces death. An overdose is administered to the patients in the form of insulin, barbiturates, or morphine, and then followed by an injection of curare. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, is allowing the patient to die due to lack of treatment. This includes taking the patient off their support system, or respirator. Passive euthanasia also includes stopping the food supply intravenously to comatose patients (Comptons, 1). Debate has flourished against those who accept passive euthanasia, but reject active. Questions are asked why one form is accepted and not the other. The distinction that is made between the two of them is that active is murder, while passive is merciful. Turning off support systems is a positive act of death (Singer, 76). In the Encyclopedia of Bio-ethics, some religious views of euthanasia were given. Hebraic and Jewish denominations strongly oppose the practice. They believe life is a precious and divine gift, and that it must be sustained if possible. Death must never be hastened by intention. Physicians who kill patients in order to spare them pain are considered murderers (554-555). Judaism also rejects euthanasia. They do, however, accept two forms of eu thantos: caring for dying patients, and letting terminally ill persons die. Early Christians opposed self-induced death out of suffering and despair. They also condemn such practices such as infanticide and abortion (556). Roman Catholics permit terminally ill patients to die by forgoing life-sustaining measures. Catholics also allow the refusing forms of treatment that would secure a precarious and burdensome prolongation of life (557). Personal views regarding euthanasia are often influenced by their religious beliefs. With a controversial topic, such as euthanasia, there are strong opinions accentuated. Euthanasia is strongly affiliated to medical and ethical debate. Opponents and advocates of euthanasia have several significant points regarding their view of the practice. Humans have a natural inclination to continue life (Baird, 98). Opponents believe that euthanasia acts against nature. Like animals, humans fight for survival. It is our goal to protect ourselves from harm and do whatever possible to stay alive. When euthanasia is implicated, it goes against our concept for survival (98-99). Those against the practice also believe that some might abuse euthanasia and use it for self-interest. The cost to keep a person alive through means of modern technology can be very costly. Families might, despite their love for the patient, consider the money being spent for what may be a hopeless cause (Baird, 97). Opponents argue the possibility of s pontaneous remission. In many cases a patient recovers with no explanation. With euthanasia, these miraculous recoveries would not exist because there would be no expectation of them happening. If the patient is put to death then they have lost their right to recovery and life (100). Another argument regarding abuse is the professional aspect of euthanasia. In the medical profession, doctors are committed to saving lives (Baird, 100). With euthanasia, death is no longer natural; it is a result of a medical decision. Several questions are asked regarding when, why, and under what circumstances medical personnel should implement the practice. Each patients case has different factors that make the decision to put him or her to rest difficult (Thomasma, 247-248). Proponents feel that euthanasia is an admirable concept; however, the request for death from a patient should be evaluated seriously before administered. Advocates feel that it is a patients right to choose whether or not to remain living. The concern about following a patients request lies on their psychological state. It must be considered whether the patient is feeling depressed and that is why they want to die, or if it is to relieve the pain. Before euthanasia is implemented the question must be asked if it is in the patients best interest (Battin,120). The use of living wills has become popular in

Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership

Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership Introduction Leadership in an organisation determines the success that the organisation realises in any activity that it undertakes. A leader provides direction to any group in an organisational setting. He or she leads the group towards the achievement of the set organisational goals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The frameworks used in leadership are dependent on the organisational environment and the individuals who are in a leadership position. It is important for these individuals to adopt a framework that suits the organisations in which they currently work. Another concept that is demonstrated to have significant results for any organisation is the presence of teams that are focused towards the achievement of the organisational goals. The teams should have an effective leadership. Transformational leadership is one of the maj or frameworks of leadership in organisations. According to Bass (1996, p. 11), transformational leadership is manifested when leaders in various positions use their influence on individuals to move them to a certain goal that is beyond the leader’s self-interest. This report focuses on transformational leadership and team leadership using an appropriate case study. The purpose is to evaluate the use of the two frameworks in organisations and their weaknesses and strengths in practice. Leadership Case Study The leadership challenge that was chosen is a personal experience as a manager in a project undertaken by the current organisation. In this case, the project manager was the leader, with the group being led consisting of over twenty members. The group had different responsibilities in the project. The organisation required an upgrade of the IT systems that were currently in use, including the rebranding of one of the organisation’s products. The requirements included a website that was to be developed by some of the members in the group, development of new marketing tactics, and ways to increase the sales for the company. The group was to hold meetings regularly to discuss the project developments and the necessary changes. The leader chaired these meetings. Members were required to contribute positively by suggesting the appropriate measures to be taken in bringing about change. The team leader was also charged with the responsibility of reporting the development of the project to the organisational managers. The employees had a duty to undertake the key tasks that were required under the project, including the actual upgrade process. Some of the strategies that the leader used to inspire this team included the provision of adequate working conditions where they did not interfere with the activities of the project. The leader also ensured that the team members were role models to the junior employees, including their conduct during the meeting s and other interaction areas. The leader also had the role of emphasising some aspects of the project such as the intended changes and the vision that is to be achieved in the project.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the challenges that occurred in the course of the project in relation to leadership include the disagreement between employees on the best methods of performing certain activities. The employees constantly engaged each other on whose project was better suited to oversee the transformation of the organisation. The other important role of the leader was to solve differences between employees. There were different races in the workforce, with diversity existing in the project. The other challenge is the implementation of some of the agreed terms in the contract, which required that the project areas be completed on time. This requirement nee ded the cooperation between the leader and the other employee since working as a team was the only way to beat the deadlines. The leader ensured that the personal visions were shared among employees while also encouraging them to have these values in their daily operations. The project risks were also important to the leadership, which ensured that these risks were shared with the employees and other collaborating individuals. Despite the leader being open and close to the employees, there was also a display of power to indicate to them that he was in control. Another value practiced by the leadership is inspirational leadership whereby the leader was involved in motivating employees by recognising and rewarding their hard work. Leadership Activities The leader in this context had a number of responsibilities and activities that he was supposed to undertake. One of the major responsibilities was to lead the project and offer direction that the project was to take. The leader was als o the head of every meeting that was carried out. He developed the objectives of the meeting. The other activities that he was to undertake include monitoring the workers and the progress of the project. He was supposed to be a motivator for these individuals by offering guidance on some of the issues that affected them during the project (Grant Berry 2011). The resolution of disputes was also his responsibility as a way of allowing the coexistence of the employees in a mutually fulfilling environment. The team, which consisted of the leader and other employees, would regularly meet to discuss the project progress and any changes that were to be instituted. The team also discussed the areas that each of the individuals was supposed to be operating in and the progress of this section as a component of the total project.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another activity that the project team was allowed to undertake was to offer recommendations to the leader on the areas that were necessary to change. The different members of the team had different responsibilities in the project. Each of these members was required to have fulfilled the responsibilities required of him or her. The leader had the responsibility of motivating the employees working under him. To achieve this goal, some of the methods that were necessary include employee appraisal and recommendation for rewarding (Grant Berry 2011). The leader was also accountable for the team. He was charged with reporting the project progress to the organisation, requesting for resources, and providing a statement of commitment to the organisation leadership on behalf of the team. The team being analysed had the responsibility of influencing the leader and ensuring that he was directing the activities to be undertaken. The team, which consisted of the leader and t he workers beneath him, was required to deliver an upgraded information technology system to the organisation. Some of the necessary activities in this process included website development and hosting, marketing of the website and the organisational products, and increasing the organisational efficiency. Important activities also included providing feedback on the performance of the new installed systems and the expected changes in terms of consumer preference. Leadership Dimensions Analysis The type of leadership displayed in any organisation can be analysed in a number of ways using the different dimensions of leadership (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). In the above case study, the two important leadership dimensions that can be applied include transformational leadership and team leadership. Transformational leadership In this leadership dimension, leaders achieve the desired organisational strategies and targets through influencing employees positively (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). Transformational leadership achieves new changes in an organisation through the available resources in the organisation in terms of human resource. According to Ishikawa (2012), this form of leadership is beneficial to the organisation because it leads to the introduction of better practices and organisational culture. Transformational leadership also influences the output of employees in the organisation by increasingly motivating them in the direction of the organisational objectives.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the organisation covered in this case study, the leader displayed several characteristics of a transformational leader. The five behaviours that a leader should exhibit in transformational leadership may be analysed using Kouzes and Posner’s (2010) model of leadership behaviours. In this model, Kouzes and Posner (2010) listed five groups of behaviours that a leader should express, including modelling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the processes in place, enabling others to act, and encouraging them. These elements comprise some component areas that leaders should satisfy before they can be branded as being transformational. The project leader demonstrated this leadership by being an example for the employees working under him. As Kouzes and Posner (2010) confirm, a leader is only effective at the workplace if he or she can influence employees to work towards the organisational goals. The leader is the main example for the employees in the activities that t hey (employees) are to undertake. In the project that was being undertaken, the initial strategies involved the creation of rules, just like in any other organisation. The team was also expected to adhere to the basic rules in the organisation. The leader was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the employees kept these rules. A transformative leader ensures that the rules in the organisation are respected, like any other leader in any capacity (Choudhary, Akhtar Zaheer 2013). The initial meetings held by the team also involved making commitments to the project, with the leader making promises to the group. Transformational leadership ensures that the promises and commitments are fulfilled, with the leader being a role model in this area (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). A major activity in transformational leadership that the project leader engaged in is seeking feedback from key employees and project stakeholders. Feedback allows the management to institute any cha nge that is necessary for the organisation, especially a change that can lead to better project results (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). A transformational leader is one that builds consensus when it comes to organisational values (Kouzes Posner (2010). In this case, the leader was expected to fulfil the values set for the project by the organisational management. These values were communicated to the group in some of the meetings held with the leader to build consensus around the same. The philosophy of leadership is important to understand in the position of leadership. Leaders should be focused on this philosophy. In the above project, the leader was required to exercise the leadership qualities that are expected of him. Kouzes and Posner (2010) stated that a leader should inspire a vision that is shared with the employees. The IT upgrade project had a focused vision that could be achieved by the time of completion. The leader had the responsibility to inspire this vision as stated by Kouzes and Posner (2010). This deliverable was partly done in the project, with the leadership requiring change to achieve the optimum change results. Some of the characteristics that indicated that the leader was actively inspiring the project vision include the frequent talks on the trend of the project and the future expectations. The leader constantly reminded the employees of the future image of the project while engaging them to share this vision. According to Kouzes and Posner (2010), a transformational leader is one that demonstrates to the other employees and those beneath him in the hierarchy that the vision can be realised. He also paints the bigger picture for the team on the aspirations that it should have (Kouzes Posner 2010).This form of leadership was displayed in the project where the values were emphasised in the meetings held for the project employees. A leader should also challenge the existing processes to ensure that the employees increase their eff iciency (Kouzes Posner 2010). The project leadership in the case study had different ways of challenging the existing processes in the project. One of the utilised ways was the provision of opportunities that are considered challenging to the employees. According to Kouzes and Posner (2010), the establishment of such opportunities makes the employees more skilful at their workplace and in carrying out the designated activities. The leader kept challenging the employees to try new methods of achieving better results in the project. Some of the ways that were suggested to the employees and other project stakeholders were sought from different organisations. According to Kouzes and Posner (2010), this method of changing processes is an effective one, which leads to the development of positive results in any organisation that adopts it. Sarwar (2013) also states that transformational leaders can use processes that are already in use in other organisations to bring about change in their respective organisations. According to Oozes and Posner (2010), another way to bring about change to processes in an organisation is to set goals and strategic plans on how the objectives are to be achieved. This strategy was widely practiced in the leadership manifested in the above case study. A transformational leader should be able to influence employees while posting better results by facilitating the activities of other employees. Oozes and Posner (2010) suggested ways to achieve this goal such as the fostering of cooperation between the leader and employees under him. Listening to the views of each of the employees or supporting their decisions is another important part of transformational leadership (Sarwar 2013). The leader in the case study used these methods to ensure that the employees working under him were working towards the achievement of the goals set in the organisation. Apart from instituting changes in the organisation, a transformational leader also brings abou t change to the employees (Sarwar 2013). One way that the leader can institute this change is by encouraging employees to pursue self-improvement strategies such as engaging in training activities (Sarwar 2013). The leader also needs to encourage employees to accomplish tasks (Sarwar 2013). This plan was applied in the leadership capacity in the above organisation. The leader also celebrated the accomplishments of the employees working in the project by rewarding them for an extra effort that they put towards this project. Team Leadership Team leadership is another key concept that was applied in the project discussed in the case study. The team comprised engineers working on the project, IT specialists, and the supporting staff. The employees were also diverse, with all sexes and most of the races being represented. The other characteristic of this team that was important in its working as a group was the leadership applied in the organisation, specifically in the project. Accordin g to Quigley (2013), the leadership of a team requires a leader to consider the differences in the team and promote the positive coexistence of the members of the team. In the case of the above project, the project leader was also the team leader who was required to have the needs of all members of this team considered and all their needs met. According to Park and Kwon (2013), a team leader should have adequate knowledge on how to direct the staff. He or she should adopt a policy development process that is favourable to the objectives of the organisation. In this case, the leader was required to have the right ideas on the project. He needed to have adequate knowledge of the processes to be undertaken. The leadership in the project was well informed on the project details. The leader made decisions regarding the necessary changes. The team leader should also have strong interpersonal skills to ensure that he gets the most out of the team (Quigley 2013). This strategy involves inte racting openly and widely with each member of the team and knowing the members’ preferences and requirements in the processes. The team leader in the above project knew most of the members. He had interacted with them on a large scale. However, the leader could have done better to ensure that the employees worked as a team. A team leader in any project such as the one above should know the amount of resources needed to achieve the project goals (Quigley 2013). The leader displayed this expertise in the project. The project required the team to carry out activities within strict deadlines that had been agreed between the leader and the team as a whole. This observation was a positive reflection of the team leadership skills of the above leader since Quigley (2013) states that good team leaders have strong organisational skills. A team leader encourages the team to meet deadlines while maintaining the quality of work in the process of meeting these deadlines. Another favourable characteristic of a good team leader is that he or she is able to promote the organisation’s image to the team and stakeholders including clients. Leaders should use all available means to achieve the above results including innovation and new policies. Areas of Improvement Although the leadership skills demonstrated in the above project are adequate, some areas need improvement. The improvement should be tailored to improve the leadership skills in the area of transformational leadership and team leadership. One area that needs improvement is the interaction between employees and the leader together with how the leader engages employees to achieve the goals set in the project. Grant and Berry (2011) confirm that a leader should be able to achieve collaboration with the employees and individuals beneath him in the hierarchy. In the project described above, the leader needs to ensure that he is aware of the challenges affecting the employees and the diversity issues in existe nce. Another area of improvement is the process of providing feedback to the employees in their performance. The employees in the project were not adequately provided with feedback on the activities that they were undertaking in the project. The leader needs to ensure that he uses this feedback to institute the necessary changes to the project processes (Quigley 2013). There is also need to institute changes in the planning ability for this leader. A leader should set goals for the team while ensuring that the goals are realised within a favourable period (Quigley 2013). These goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, and time bound (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). The leader needs to make changes on the way he or she directs employees. There is a need for effective communication between the project leader and the employees working under him (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). Communication methods constitute the most effective measures to undertake change in any organi sational framework or activity. The other area that the project leader should improve on his team leadership capabilities is motivation for the team members. Motivation has been associated with improved performance of employees at the workplace (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). Team leaders should adopt it as a means of ensuring increased efficiency and improved performance. In general, the leadership qualities displayed in line with the leadership dimensions were adequate. If the proposed changes are effected, the leader can manage a larger project more efficiently. Summary Some leadership lessons can be obtained from this case based on their applicability in the future leadership positions with reference to the two dimensions of leadership. A transformational leader should target to influence employees to achieve new methods of doing things in the organisation. These methods should lead to the positive performance of the organisation as a whole. Some of the suggested features o f transformational leadership that are applicable in leadership of projects include setting examples in the organisation, providing feedback to the team, fulfilling the promises and commitments, and demonstrating high standards of leadership. A leader should also develop strategies that aid in the achievement of goals. These strategies include development of an organisation’s objectives. Leaders should also create an environment where employees can share their dreams (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). The leader in a project or any organisation should create opportunities to challenge the employees on special areas so that they can contribute to their own self-improvement. An effective transformational leader also seeks better practices that can be implemented to improve the organisation. Team leaders encourage their team. They ensure that members are working towards achieving the goals of this team. They also provide the necessary resources for the team. Team leaders treat their members with dignity and respect. Besides, they value the contribution of each of the members. The choices that the members make are respected, including encouraging them to improve on the job. Rewarding is a useful way of motivating employees and teams towards achieving positive results. Conclusion Leadership is an important part of organisation. It is different from management in several ways. The two dimensions of leadership that were focused on in this report are the transformational leadership and team leadership. In the case study, the leader directs the functions of a group that is tasked with the upgrade of the information technology system in an organisation. Some of the characteristics of transformational leadership and team leadership that are evident in this leadership have been discussed in the report. The report also offers recommendations on the areas of improvement. References Bass, B 1996, A New Paradigm of Leadership: An Inquiry Into Transformational Leaders hip, Army Research Institute for the Behavioural and Social Sciences, Alexandria, VA. Choudhary, A, Akhtar, S Zaheer, A 2013, Impact of Transformational and Servant Leadership on Organisational Performance: A Comparative Analysis, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 116 no. 2, pp. 433-440. Christ, M, Emett, S, Summers, S Wood, D 2012, The Effects of Preventive and Detective Controls on Employee Performance and Motivation, Contemporary Accounting Research, vol. 29 no. 2, pp. 432-452. Ertureten, A, Cemalcilar, Z Aycan, Z 2013, The Relationship of Downward Mobbing with Leadership Style and Organisational Attitudes, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 116 no. 1, pp. 205-216. Grant, A Berry, J 2011, The Necessity of Others is the Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective Taking, and Creativity, Academy Of Management Journal, vol. 54 no. 1, pp. 73-96. Ishikawa, J 2012, Transformational leadership and gate keeping leadership: The roles of norm for maintaining cons ensus and shared leadership in team performance, Asia Pacific Journal Of Management, vol. 29 no. 2, pp. 265-283. Kouzes, J Pozner, B 2010, The Leadership Challenge, Jossey-Bass Inc., San Francisco, CA. Park, J Kwon, B 2013, Literature Review on Shared Leadership in Teams, Journal Of Leadership, Accountability Ethics, vol. 10 no. 3, pp. 28-36. Quigley, R 2013, A Longitudinal, Multilevel Study of Leadership Efficacy Development in MBA Teams, Academy Of Management Learning Education, vol. 12 no. 4, pp. 579-602. Sarwar, C 2013, Future of Ethically Effective Leadership, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 113 no. 1, pp. 81-89.

Kentucky staate funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kentucky staate funding - Essay Example Additionally, funding has also been supported by district leaders who feel there is a need to support low-income students while emphasizing on the need for equity and fairness among all citizens of the state clarifies (Ellis, 2011). Some of the past and the current funding policies for Kentucky include Free or reduced-price school lunch benefits: Having lagged behind in educational initiatives by around 1990, Kentucky State under commonwealth initiative introduced an economic reform system. The system could see funding of students from low-income districts receiving financial support from the government based on fairness and equity throughout the whole state (Ellis, 2011). Allocation of less funding for higher education: In the past, Kentucky instituted a policy that was aimed at allocating minimal funding to higher education. The state decided to reduce spending in higher education between the periods 1992 to 1993 (Ellis, 2011). Despite the fact that the policy was being visualized by some of the state economist as idea to inflict recession at the national level, it became so important in generation of more revenue to the state. Distribution policy: The council of the state government also came up with education distribution act. The distribution act was based on a formula that mainly targeted funding needs of higher education for Governors and General Assembly. The benchmark for the above model constituted a statistical procedure that only contained 20 nationally reported institutions (Ellis, 2011). Currently, it is impressive to note that the government has put in place new policies targeting to enhance performance at Kentucky schools, which have over the years attribute to high performance at both K-12 and high educational programs states (Welner & Chi, 2008). Tuition and Fees Revenue Standard Deduction: The tuition fee revenue policy was set up later by the end of the year 2001 and again reversed in 2008 clarifies (Welner & Chi, 2008). Having

Fluoridation and Toxicity Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fluoridation and Toxicity Issues - Assignment Example Nevertheless, there are three things I have learned from the lecture of Nokes. One of these is that the claims to the negative effects of fluoride on the human body – weakening of bones, Down syndrome, Cancer, birth defects, reproductive effects, renal and gastrointestinal effects, lower IQ, and other bone disorders – basically have no scientific bases (Nokes). Moreover, these claims may have only been due to traditional knowledge about the harmful effects of fluoride as a raw material and in large amounts. I have also learned from this that I should not believe advertisements or negative propaganda or any type right away. Furthermore, I believe that the best thing to do with something confusing is to deal with it in a logical way, specifically by using â€Å"What, Why, When, How, Where, Who† (Nokes). Through this logical investigation on fluoridation as explained by Nokes, one can find out that much of the claims that other people have against fluoride are actua lly unsubstantiated by scientific evidence and logic. The second thing I have learned is that the potential harm from fluoride is least likely to happen because although fluoride can be harmful in large amounts, the government has set a limit to this. This limit is actually a standard value at 0.01 g/mL while the actual amount of fluoride added by the city government to water is 0.001 g/mL. This is just a mere 10% of the actual threshold value, which means that it is impossible that the fluoride will ever cause any harm. However, I would still like to think that the harm that fluoride causes may not exactly depend solely on the amount. Sometimes, I would like to think that fluoride is like acid that no matter what the amount, it will cause some damage to the material. The third thing I have learned from Nokes’ lecture is that just a small amount of fluoride is added to the water and that even this amount relative to water is much smaller in concentration. For example, althoug h fluoride is 134,000 mg in 1 kilogram of the HFA compound, this seemingly large amount of fluoride actually only translates as 7.46 x 10-6 kg/L when mixed with water (Nokes). This means that water is a great neutralizer of chemicals as it is the universal solvent. The fluoride in water therefore, if water fluoridation is to be carried out soon, is definitely much lower than what can possibly cause any harm. However, as what I have explained earlier, sometimes some chemical reactions may kill someone regardless of the amount of the reactants involved. This means that a small amount of fluoride may actually still cause some harm which is just as intense as when it is caused by fluoride above safe levels. Moreover, sometimes I would like to think that some damage caused by fluoride may accumulate in the human body as more and more fluoride is being ingested through fluoridated water. Furthermore, there could also be some complications that will take some time before it can take effect as a disease. In fact, although I am convinced by Nokes’ lecture, he did not shed light on all the aspects of the fluoridation of water. I would therefore like to suggest that there should be a more thorough investigation of the case of the fluoridation of water in Hamilton City. All aspects should be answered especially those involved in the

Arthur Millar Essay Example for Free

Arthur Millar Essay In this essay I am going to analyse the dramatic techniques that Arthur Millar uses in his 20th century drama called, A View From The Bridge. The play is set in Brooklyn in the 1940s when the Italians were immigrating to America to find work as they were poor and they needed to get away from Italy to find work to feed their families in Italy. Many of these immigrants entered America Illegally. The play is about a skilled docks worker in Brooklyn named Eddie Carbone. Eddie lives with his wife Beatrice and their niece, Catherine. Beatrices cousins named Marco and Rodolfo come to America from Italy to find work to feed Marcos family in Italy, as they are very poor. They plan to enter illegally. Eddie has feelings for his niece Catherine that he should not have. Meanwhile Catherine falls in love with Rodolfo and Eddie hates him because he is jealous as he loves her and he cannot stand any other man looking at her and touching her. As a result Eddie decides to let the Immigration Bureau know that there are illegal immigrants in his building. In the play, Arthur Miller uses a number of dramatic devices many of which are seen in the first act but their significance only becomes apparent to the audience in the second act. These dramatic devices are: use of language, dialogue and its sub textual meanings, stage directions, characters actions, props and lighting. The first dramatic technique I am going to analyse is the use of language in Alfieris speech at the start of the play. Miller has put this at the start of the play to prepare the audience for what will happen later on in the play. The speech starts to develop tension because there are a lot of negative and violent words used. For example, Alfieri uses terms such as Machine Gun. The effect of using a term like this is to create tension for the audience, as they now know that something bad is going to happen later on in the play. As the play progresses the audience realise that this is the only time when Alfieri uses negative and violent language. So his words take on a deeper meaning when the audience realises this. I am now going to look at Eddies language in the first act. His speech is simple but at the start of the play his words are more vibrant towards Catherine as he tells he that she is walking wavy. At the same time he also refers to her as a Madonna. This gives the audience the idea that she is pure and she is a virgin and Eddie wants her to stay as she is. Listen, B. , shell be with a lot of plumbers? And sailors up and down the street? This illustrates Eddies feelings for Catherine and it can also mean that he does not want any other men looking at Catherine or marrying her. Eddies dialogue changes when the cousins arrive. He uses working class American colloquial words, such as Yiz have a nice trip? when he asks the cousins Marco and Rodolfo about their journey. Eddie wants to make it clear that he is the man of the house and that he is in charge. These expressions are only used in the first act when he is speaking to Marco and Rodolfo. This builds tension because the audience know that Eddie is going to start trouble with Marco and Rodolfo later on.

Fermat’s Last Theorem Essay -- Pierre Fermat Math Mathematics Papers

Fermat’s Last Theorem The year is 1637. Pierre de Fermat sits in his library, huddled over a copy of Arithmetica written by the Greek mathematician Diaphantus in the third century A. D. Turning the page, Fermat comes across the Pythagorean equation: x 2 + y 2 = z 2. He leans back in his chair to think and wonders if this property is limited to the power of two only. He bends over the book again, scanning ahead through the pages to look for any clues. Suddenly, he begins writing intensely in the margin: â€Å"It is impossible for a cube to be written as a sum of two cubes, or for a fourth power to be written as the sum of two fourth powers or, in general, for any number which is a power greater than the second to be written as a sum of two like powers. I have a truly marvelous demonstration of this proposition which this margin is too narrow to contain.† These words, written so carelessly, were to survive to bewilder, frustrate and elude mathematicians of all kinds for centuries to come. This is the legend of Fermat’s Last Theorem. Pierre de Fermat was born in the town of Beaumont-de-Lomagne in southwestern France at the beginning of the seventeenth century in the year 1601. Being the son of a wealthy merchant, Fermat was able to gain a privileged education at monasteries and universities. The young man, however, never showed any particular strength in the subject of mathematics, choosing instead to pursue a career in the civil service of France. His elevated status in society allowed him to include the â€Å"de† in his surname. He suffered a serious attack of the plague during his adult life, severe enough to prompt friends to mistakenly pronounce him dead! Fermat never made math his career, but mathematics at th... ... Kolata, Gina. â€Å"How a gap in the Fermat proof was found.† The New York Times, 144 (January 1995): B5. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT. 15 September 2002. Mackenzie, Dana. â€Å"Fermat’s Last Theorem Extended.† Science 285.5425 (July 1999): 178. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT. 15 September 2002. Mozzochi, C. J. The Fermat Diary. American Mathematical Society, 2000. Ribenboim, Paulo. Fermat’s Last Theorem for Amateurs. New York: Springer, 1999. Singh, Simon. â€Å"Fermat’s Enigma: the Epic Quest to Solve the World’s Greatest Mathematical Problem.† New York: Walker, 1997. Van der Poorten, Alf. Notes on Fermat’s last theorem. New York: J. Wiley, 1996. Weisstein, Eric W. â€Å"Fermat, Pierre de.† Wolfram Research. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Fermat.html (14 September 2002.)

Nationwide Public Health Care in US: The Argument

The right to preserve the mental and physical well-being of a person is inherent to his right to live.   All over the world, this right has been protected and established as one of the basic human rights.   However, there is a disparity among nations on how it is enforced, with most of the developed world having a universal health care system provided to everyone regardless of their ability to pay (Healthcare, par. 2).   The United States is one of those countries in the developed world which does not have a national healthcare system, but rather, healthcare is provided by many separate legal entities (Healthcare in the United States, par. 1). Many critics of the system have described it as inefficient and ineffective. According to the Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP), the current U.S. healthcare system is â€Å"outrageously expensive, yet inadequate.† (Single-Payer National Health Insurance, par. 2)   The U.S. spends more than twice as much as other developed nations at $7,129 per capita, yet it only ranks 37th out of 191 countries according to its healthcare performance in a World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2000. Where is all the money going to?   The U.S. system is a mixed system where private and public insurers coexist.   Still, according to PNHP, private insurers waste healthcare dollars on things not involving care: â€Å"overhead, underwriting, billing, sales and marketing departments as well as huge profits and exorbitant executive pay.†   Additionally, doctors and hospitals must maintain administrative staff to deal with the bureaucracy.   Combined, this accounts for 31 percent of American's health dollars (Single-Payer National Health Insurance, par. 3) Just by looking at the numbers it seems there should be no debate on establishing a national healthcare system in the U.S., but in fact the argument rages on in the halls of national politics.   There are still several criticisms against a national health care program, mostly stemming from the fact that Americans, by and large, have a tradition of capitalism and for-profit enterprises have most of the time had their way. Cited criticisms include the old adage that introducing the free market into anything, including healthcare, will drive prices and costs down. In fact, the opposite is currently proving true.   The excess payments for care in private for-profit institutions were substantial: 19%. (Himmelstein and Woolhandler, 1814).   The standard â€Å"free market† and does not apply to the healthcare system, where competition is often absent in some areas, and where the average person is very much in the dark on evaluating the â€Å"product† of healthcare.   Add to it the unique inefficiency of the U.S. government insuring 27.3% of the population and so we have them paying these for-profit hospitals a premium on what they could do much more efficiently themselves. Likewise, private insurance have to pay significant overhead, with these costs trickling down to the individual consumer.   Under a single payer system, it is estimated that the overall savings in paperwork would amount to more than $350 billion a year, enough to provide comprehensive coverage to everyone without paying more than we actually do. (Single-Payer National Health Insurance, par. 4) In my case, this mix of private and public insurance makes me and my spouse concerned over our future rates.   Both of us are self-employed, and so have to purchase private health insurance coverage for us and for our two children.   Instead of a nationwide security system that would protect us from the costs of rising rates, I am faced with the fear that, if we make too many claims, our rates could potentially skyrocket that we could no longer afford to carry it. As compared to a country like France, which has the best healthcare in the world according to the WHO (WHO Assesses, par. 1), we are wallowing in a system that is grossly inefficient, especially considering the huge cost we pay for our health compared to these nations.   The existence of organizations like the PNHP shows that there is widespread support among physicians in the country for a universal healthcare system that will protect the right of every American to live his or her life to the fullest.   Implementing a single-payer healthcare system would not only mean better health services for Americans, it will also drive down costs (How Much would a Single-Payer System Cost, par. 1), saving money for the government, and ultimately saving our own money. R E F E R E N C E â€Å"Single-Payer National Health Insurance†. Physicians for a National Health Program. 2006. 12 June 2007. ; http://www.pnhp.org/facts/single_payer_resources.php; Introduction: How Much Would a Single-Payer System Cost?†. Physicians for a National Health Program. 2006. 12 June 2007. < http://www.pnhp.org/single_payer_resources/ introduction_how_much_would_a_singlepayer_system_cost.php> â€Å"Healthcare.† Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. 12 June 2007. â€Å"Healthcare in the United States.† Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 12 June 2007. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States> Himmelstein, David and Woolhandler, Steffie. â€Å"The High Costs of For-Profit Care.† Canadian Medical Association Journal. 8 June 2004. 1814-1815.

Francisco Arcellana Essay

Francisco â€Å"Franz† Arcellana (September 6, 1916 – August 1, 2002) was a Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalistand teacher. He was born on September 20, 1916. Arcellana already had ambitions of becoming a writer during his years in the elementary. His actual writing, however, started when he became a member of The Torres Torch Organization during his high school years. Arcellana continued writing in various school papers at the University of the Philippines Diliman. He later on received a Rockfeller Grant and became a fellow in creative writing the University of Iowa and Breadloaf’s writers conference from 1956- 1957. He is considered an important progenitor of the modern Filipino short story in English. Arcellana pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form within Filipino literature. His works are now often taught in tertiary-level-syllabi in the Philippines. Many of his works were translated into Tagalog, Malaysia n, Russian, Italian, and German. Arcellana won 2nd place in 1951 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, with his short story, â€Å"The Flowers of May.† 14 of his short stories were also included in Jose Garcia Villa’s Honor Roll from 1928 to 1939. His major achievements included the first award in art criticism from the Art Association of the Philippines in 1954, the Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan award from the city government of Manila in 1981, and the Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas for English fiction from the Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipino (UMPIL) in 1988. On April 2, 1989, the University of the Philippines conferred upon Arcellana a doctorate in humane letters, honoris causa. Francisco Arcellana was proclaimed National Artist of the Philippines in Literature on 23, 1990 by then Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino. In 2009, or seven years after his death, his family came out with a book to pay tribute to National Artist for Literature Arcellana. The book entitled, â€Å"Franz,† is a collection of essays gathered by the Arcellana family from colleagues, friends, students and family members, including f ellow National Artist Nick Joaquin, Butch Dalisay, Recah Trinidad, Jing Hidalgo,Gemino Abad, Romina Gonzalez, Edwin Cordevilla, Divina Aromin, Doreen Yu, Danton Remoto, Jose Esteban Arcellana and others. Arcellana is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. Arcellana died in 2002. As a National Artist, he received a state funeral at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. His grandson Liam Hertzsprung performed a piano concert in 2006 dedicated to him. Arcellana’s published books include: Selected Stories (1962) Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today (1977) The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990). References 1. Jump up^ Morales, Natalia M.L.M. A Haiku for Sir Franz, In Memoriam: Franz Arcellana, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Aug. 13, 2002, www.tinig.net 2. Jump up^ http://www.globalpinoy.com/gp.topics.v1/viewtopic.php?postid=4d880cceafad2&channelName=4d880cceafad2 3. Jump up^ http://www.philstar.com/headlines/170509/national-artist-arcellana-85 4. Jump up^ http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca/org-awards/literature/francisco_arcellana.php 5. Jump up^ http://www.philstar.com/arts-and-culture/517127/regarding-franz-launch Biography of Francisco Arcellana Francisco â€Å"Franz† Arcellana (Zacarias Eugene Francisco Quino Arcellana) was a Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher. He was born in aka Frank V. Sta. Cruz, Manila. He is the fourth of 18 children of Jose Arcellana y Cabaneiro and Epifanio Quino. He was married to Emerenciana Yuvienco with whom he has six children, one of whom, Juaniyo is an essayist, poet and fictionist. He received his first schooling in Tondo. The idea of writing occurred to him at the Tondo Intermediate School but it was at the Manila West High School (later Torres High School) that he took up writing actively as staff member of The Torres Torch, the school organ. In 1932 Arcellana entered the University of the Philippines (UP) as a pre-medicine student and graduated in 1939 with a bachelor of philosophy in degree. In his junior year, mainly because of the publication of his  Ã¢â‚¬Å"trilogy of the turtles† in the Literary Apprentice, Arcellana was invited to join the UP Writers Club by Manuel Arguilla – who at that time was already a campus literary figure. In 1934, he edited and published Expression, a quarterly of experimental writing. It caught the attention of Jose Garcia Villa who started a correspondence with Arcellana. It also spawned the Veronicans, a group of 13 pre-WWII who rebelled against traditional forms and themes in Philippine literature. Arcellana went on to medical school after receiving his bachelor’s degree while holding jobs in Herald Midweek Magazine, where his weekly column â€Å"Art and Life† (later retitled â€Å"Life and Letters†) appeared, and in Philcross, the publication of the Philippine Red Cross. The war stopped his schooling. After the war, he continued working in media and publishing and began a career in the academe. He was manager of the International News Service and the editor of This Week. He joined the UP Department of English and Comparative Literature and served as adviser of the Philippine Collegian and director of the UP Creative Writing Center, 1979- 1982. Under a Rockefeller Foundation grant he became a fellow in creative writing, 1956- 1957, at the University of Iowa and Breadloaf Writers’ Conference. In 1932 Arcellana published his first story. â€Å"The Man Who Could Be Poe† in Graphic while still a student at Torres High School. The following year two of his short stories, â€Å"Death is a Factory† and â€Å"Lina,† were included in Jose Garcia Villa’s honor roll. During the 1930’s, which he calls his most productive period, he wrote his most significant stories including, â€Å"Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal† cited in 1938 by Villa as the year’s best. He also began writing poetry at this time, many of them appearing in Philippine Collegian, Graphic and Herald Midweek Magazine. He is considered an important progenitor of the modern Filipino short story in English. Arcellana pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form within Filipino literature. His works are now often taught in tertiary-level-syllabi in the Philippines. Some of his works have been translated into Tagalog, Malaysian, Italian,  German and Russian, and many have been anthologized. Two major collections of his works are: Selected Stories, 1962, and The Francisco Arcellana Sampler, 1990. He also edited the Philippine PEN Anthology of Short Stories, 1962, and Fifteen Stories: Story Masters 5, 1973. Arcellana credits Erskine Caldwell and Whit Burnett as influences. From 1928 to 1939, 14 of his short stories were included in Jose Garcia Villa’s honor roll. His short story â€Å"The Flowers of May† won second prize in 1951 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature. Another short story, â€Å"Wing of Madness,† placed second in the Philippines Free Press literary contest in 1953, He also received the first award in art criticism from the Art Association of the Philippines in 1954, the Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan award from the city government of Manila in 1981, and the Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas for English fiction from the Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipino (UMPIL) in 1988. He was conferred a doctorate in humane letters, honoris causa, by the UP in 1989. He was proclaimed National Artist in Literature in 1990 – L.R. Lacuesta and R.C. Lucero Francisco Arcellana’s Works: Selected Stories (1962) Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today (1977) The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990).  This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia Francisco Arcellana; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. Francisco Arcellana Si Francisco Arcellana ay makata, mangangatha, kritiko, peryodista at guro. Isa siya sa mga ninuno ng makabagong Filipinong maikling katha sa Ingles. Siya ang nanguna sa pagpapalawak ng maikling katha bilang matulaing anyo. Kaniyang ipinagkakapuri ang likhang-isip sapagkat naipapakita nito ang katotohanan at naipriprisinta ang realidad. Siya ay naging mapangahas sa pagtuklas ng mga anyo ng sanaysay upang maipahayag ang talas ng pakiramdam ng mga Filipino. Dahil sa galing ng kaniyang mga kamay sa pagsulat, ang kaniyang mga likha ay siya na ngayong ginagamit ng mga mag-aaral sa kolehiyo. Mga Aklat Selected Stories (1962) Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today (1977) The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990) Maikling Kuwento Frankie The Man Who Would Be Poe Death in a Factory Lina Divided by Two Tula The Other Woman This Being the Third Poem This Poem is for Mathilda To Touch You I Touched Her Sanggunian â€Å"Francisco Arcellana.† ncca (hinango noong 26 Oktubre 2007). â€Å"Ang akdang ito ay katiting [stub]. Tumulong sa Wikifilipino at palawakin pa ito !† Pagkilala Mga kategorya: Buhay at Sining Panitikan Tula Nobela Kasaysayang pampanitikan Manunulat Katiting THE MATS Uploaded on Oct 25, 2011 *The Mats is about the story of the Angeles family. Where in Mr. Angeles brought home gifts (the mats) for his children from a long work-vacation. The conflicts starts when Nana Emilia (her wife) notices that he even provide gifts for their already dead children. *the story shows the strong family ties of the Filipinos (the MATS on how it is weaved) This movie is a partial requirement of our LIT-101 (Phil.Lit) under Mam Kathleen Javillionar. from Group-THE MATS of BSA1g (2011-2012)

Tartuffe (Molliere) Essays - Tartuffe, Molire, Le Tartuffe

Tartuffe (Molliere) Essays - Tartuffe, Molire, Le Tartuffe Tartuffe (Molliere) Christian Castellanos HUM1020 MWF 10-10:50 Robin Repper Tartuffe is a classic story of deceit by one who is trusted and respected. Tartuffe, the deceitful holy man, is living in the house of Oregon. Oregon has opened his doors to Tartuffe, and he greatly respects him for being the good holy man he was thought to be. The rest of the family believe that Tartuffe is a fake and a con. Oregon and Madam Parcelle are the two which believe in his holy reputation. Tartuffe convinces Oregon that he is an incredible man of great holy stature, and Oregon proceeds to sign over to Tartuffe all his possessions. Outward Appearances can sometimes be deceiving. This is evident in the way Oregon looked at Tartuffe. Tartuffe was thought to be a man of great holy influence. Oregon thought Tartuffe was a high holy figure, who was admirable because of his devotion to God. Tartuffe is actually a two- faced con artist who has no interests but that of his own welfare. Oregon is blinded by these ideals. Tartuffe takes advantage of this blindness and attempts to seduce Oregons wife and con Oregon out of all his possessions. Another action by Tartuffe was the first steps of seducing Oregons wife. He uses his rosary to pull her in closer. In this episode, Tartuffe is using a symbol of purity and holiness as a tool of lust and sin. At some points, hed be eloquent and dignified, but at times he would be as if he was going after her. There is another aspect to the seduction by Tartuffe of Oregons wife. Molierre has Oregon hiding under a table when Tartuffe is trying to physically seduce his wife. Oregon had never believed his family that Tartuffe was two faced. Oregon, seeing with his own eyes what Tartuffe was doing, finally believes them. This shows that sometimes people dont believe something until they see it with their own eyes. Moilere succeeded in making Oregon and Madam Parcelle stubborn and unmoving. Oregon was stubborn when he did not believe his family over Tartuffe. It was a bold action the wife undertook to convince Oregon that Tartuffe was a fake. Only an action so bold would convince him. Oregon felt the affect of this stubbornness when he was trying to convince Parcelle of Tartuffes deceitfulness. He was outwardly frustrated at her remarks about him and Tartuffe. Again, she needed outward proof, and she received it when the eviction notice came as Oregon was trying to convince her. The voice of reason and control in this play comes from a character by the name of Cleante. This character counters Oregons stubbornness and irrationality by providing stability and control over the situation. Cleante is Oregons brother- in- law. When Cleante notices that Tartuffe has taken over the household, he organizes a meeting to come up with a solution or plan to the situation. The actor playing Tartuffe would frequently face the camera and make faces showing his deceitfulness toward the camera. This gives the audience and insight which is not seen by the rest of the characters in the play. These actions lead to dramatic irony which introduces new aspects to the play. Camera angles played an important and interesting role in this production of Tartuffe. During the scene of the attempted escape by Oregon, the camera angle was shot in the first person of Oregon. It showed Oregons point of view as he was exiting. This method was used a couple more times in the production. Also, camera angles were oddly placed at times. While the family was planning, the camera at one point was shooting between two chairs at the table, giving a different perspective of the planning period. Also, the Camera would sometimes be moved and hurried, giving a sense of confusion. Lighting played a small role in this production. The most prominent example of the use of variation of light was in the speech given by the guard towards the end of the production. A bright white light was cast from behind making what he had to say more catching and seemingly important. The light also gave him a look of being omnipotent at the time of his speech. Tartuffe is a play emphasizing deceit, reputations, integrity, stubbornness, and the ability to be blinded by something that we see as good, but really is harmful. Outward appearances are sometimes misinterpreted. This is what happened to Oregon and Tartuffe. This play contains many conditions

How to Conjugate the French Verb Appeler (to Call)

How to Conjugate the French Verb Appeler (to Call) In French, you will use the verb  appeler  when you want to say to call. Yet, in order for the verb to make sense in a sentence, it needs to be conjugated. That is the subject of this lesson and by the end, youll be conjugating  appeler  with ease. Conjugating the French Verb  Appeler Appeler  is a  stem-changing verb.  If you notice, in the  nous  and  vous  present tense as well as the imperfect, the ll changes back  to the single l found in the original verb. Other than that minor difference, the conjugation of  appeler  is  similar to regular -er  verbs. In reality, this is one of the easier French verbs to conjugate and the chart will help you tremendously. It shows the verb form for the present, future, and imperfect past as well as the present participle. Simply match up the  subject pronoun with the form of  appeler  and youre on your way to forming a complete sentence in French. For instance, to say I call, you will say jappelle and for we will call, say nous appelerons. Appelers Present Participle The  present participle  of  appeler  is  appelant. Beyond its use as a verb for calling, you might also use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun in certain circumstances. Another Past Tense for  Appeler You can also use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  for the past tense conjugation of  appeler. You will need to use the verbs  past participle  of appelà ©Ã‚  along with the  auxiliary verb, which is  avoir  in this case. For example, to say I called, you will use jai  appelà ©. For he called, you say il a  appelà © in French. The  ai and a are conjugations of  avoir. More Conjugations of  Appeler You may not always need these forms of  appeler, but they are good to know. The  passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are used in formal writing, so unless you do that, theyre not very important. Yet, you should be aware of the subjunctive and conditional forms of  appeler, particularly as you learn more conversational French. The ​subjunctive will be used when the verb is uncertain or subjective. The ​conditional will be used when the verb is dependent upon circumstances. Finally, we must discuss the imperative form of  appeler. This is used for short, expressive sentences that have a request or demand. Its very useful for a verb like  appeler. The primary difference here is that you do not need to use the subject pronoun because the verb takes care of it. For example, if you want someone to Call me! you will say Appelle-moi! rather than Tu appelle-moi! Another Way to Call As you might imagine,  appeler  is just one piece in the French vocabulary for phone conversations. It can be used in other contexts such as call out or call on someone and neither has to do with a phone. For very specific phone calling, look to the verb  tà ©là ©phoner.

Strengths and Limitations of Rational-Choice Based Perspectives Essay

Strengths and Limitations of Rational-Choice Based Perspectives - Essay Example The essay "Strengths and Limitations of Rational-Choice Based Perspectives" talks about the rational choice based perspectives in terms of their reliance on mathematical techniques and tries to explain how developmental theories have recently informed our understanding of criminal behavior. A major strength of rational-choice-based perspectives is its reliance on mathematical techniques. When a theory is couched in terms of mathematics, it is usually quite straightforward to determine whether the conclusions follow from the assumptions. In effect, because of its theoretical value as contrasted to practical theories, rational choice based perspectives tend to dominate its competitors because it has been more successful empirically. Another advantage of this perspective is its emphasis and focus on decision making. Here, a decision-making approach views crime within a situational, interactional and social context. Explanations are developed that focus on the beliefs and perceptions of perpetrators of crime. Having a more extensive perspective regarding the causes of crime. Another strength of this perspective is its adherence to the principle of parsimony, i.e. it does not rely on scientists and eugenicists conducting detailed examinations of genetic material. It suggests that the individuals who have a simple choice whether to commit the crime, commit crime or not. Some people consider this as the greatest advantage of this view. This simplistic rational choice based perspective unfortunately leads to more limitations.... Furthermore, rational choice based perspectives are limited due to its abstract nature, that is to say, its lack of realistic and empirical procedures. Thus, the limiting factor of this perspective would seem to be that â€Å"the assumptions of the theory are not literally and completely true . . . Determining the validity of a model would therefore seem to involve a subtle examination of both plausibility of assumptions and conformity with real-world data† (Baylor University, 2002, 56). In relation to its unempirical approach is â€Å"the lack of evidence, which is gathered to give facts to the explanation† (â€Å"White†, 2010). Thus, it leads us to Problems associated with inadequate information and uncertainty (â€Å"Gingrich†, 2000). In other words, the rational choice model limits the explanatory value of how people choose their course of action, which is vital to analyzing criminal behavior. Lastly, a critical limitation and criticism of this view is that â€Å"some theorists argue that almost everything humans do is rational, even altruism and self-sacrifice. By expanding to include all forms of action as rational, irrational action becomes part of the model. By including every possible form of action in rational choice theory, it is not clear how the standards of what is rational and what is not are constructed† (â€Å"Gingrich†) 2. Explain how developmental theories have recently informed our understanding of criminal behavior as a developmental process. â€Å"The emerging developmental approach has emphasized the neurological, biological, mental, emotional, and social changes in children and how these changes

Mohawk Industries Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mohawk Industries - Case Study Example Per the website of the company, Mohawk-Flooring.com, the Company was started in Amsterdam City in New York, in the year 1878 by Shuttleworth brothers. Although the company was started in the year 1878 the first major break for the company happened in the year 1908 when the new carpet 'Karnak' was introduced by the company. For this product there were numerous orders because of the quality and novelty of the product. The large and continuous orders made the company work on the same product for at least next five years without changing the design or colour of the product. The real name Mohawk was attributed to the company in the year 1920, when the Shuttleworth Brothers Companies amalgamated itself with McCleary, Wallin and Crouse. The Company was named after the Mohawk River Valley a part of the New York. This merger gave the additional strength for the company to become a monopoly producer of domestic woven carpets. During the 1950s the company took bold steps for major expansion and also set up manufacturing facilities in Mississippi and South Carolina. This period also witnessed the creation of an animation character 'Tommy Mohawk' by Walt Disney. In the year 1956, Mohasco Industries was formed by a merger of Mohawk Mills Inc and Alexander smith Inc.

Writing Workshop Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Workshop Paper - Essay Example In this method, students are exposed to different forms of writings and genre, in order to evaluate their proficiency and give appropriate recommendations. In addition, writing workshops allows teachers to meet the needs of individual student according to their weaknesses and strength. This paper presents a proposal on how to incorporate a writing workshop in the classroom. The writing workshop must have a predictable structure, regular time and a workman-like atmosphere for writing. This implies that activities of a writer’s workshop should have a definite time schedule that is accompanied by a realistic list of expectations and outcomes (Trachsel, 2005). The schedule is analogous to a classroom or a lesson timetable. My writer’s workshop will have a program that is spread across five days and according to available tasks. The basic steps of the writer’s workshop (WW) will be: 5 days a week 60 minutes per day Mini-lesson Writing time Author’s chair To ach ieve the objectives, the classroom will require having a special setup that facilitates the writing exercise. Firstly, we will need to label one of the corners of the classroom as the writing workshop. Students will then be required to arrange their chair and desk in a row formant in order to facilitate the exercise. Secondly, the WW will require books, which the student will use for the exercise.

Buddha was a religious innovator Essay Example for Free

Buddha was a religious innovator Essay In my opinion, Buddha was a religious innovator- since he went against all other prominent religious beliefs of the time in declaring that there was no soul- no permanent self (anatta). I will be discussing whether Buddha was indeed a religious innovator, the ideas he has taken from other religions and entirely original, new concepts he created. He disagreed with many other popular religious practices, for example sacrifices- around which the Vedic religion (which was popular around Buddhas time) revolved. He did so for many reasons, the main being Buddhists dont believe in a God- no God would mean sacrificing an animal would be wasteful and pointless. Another reason he disagreed with this would be that hurting the animal would be against the eightfold path since harming the animal unnecessarily would not be a right action it would also be an example of not showing the right mindfulness since if we were aware of the animals pain and suffering then we wouldnt be sacrificing the animal. Many Buddhists choose to be vegetarian as hurting animals creates bad karma due to the above. Buddhas main difference in opinion to ideas of the time would be that the Buddhist Dharma (or teaching) says that we have no soul or no permanent self, this is called Anatta. Buddhists believe that because we are made up of five Skandhas- (Form, sensations, perceptions, mental formation and consciousness) that are constantly changing, we have no permanent self. Buddhism was the first religion to say that we have no soul. The Jains and Shramanas (both prominent religions of Buddhas time) both taught that the atman (or soul) is reincarnated time after time until Moksha, where the soul returns to God (or Brahmin in some cases.) In Buddhism, Buddha taught that it is not our atman that is reborn, but our karma. For example- a candle lighting another candle, it is the heat from the first candle that lights the second- no part of the first candle is passed along to the second. Buddhists believe this, but with karma instead of heat- that is, they believe it is our karma that causes rebirth time after time. Buddha also made it clear that equality was an important part of Buddhism since we could be reborn as anything- poor man or a king- we are all the same. This was innovative since in Eastern Europe there was great emphasis on the social division called the caste system, which was present in the Vedic religion and very rigid. This meant that many of the lower classes and poorer people could not take part and so were cut off from the religion. However, Buddha did take ideas from the ideas of karma, but changed them slightly. For example, the Jains believed that karma was a sticky substance which floated above their heads preventing them from escaping rebirth, whereas Buddhists might perceive karma as a force which governs balance- for example if youre a bad, mean, rich person in this life, you might come back as a poor beggar who lives a miserable life. Another Jain idea that Buddha imitated was that of Ahisma or non-violence. Buddhists believe violence is wrong because of parts of the eightfold path, such as right action. This was the Jains main teaching- they were the first to become vegetarians- many Buddhists choose to become vegetarians too. Having considered both points of view, I still believe that Buddha was a great religious innovator simply due to the fact that most of his teachings and ideas had not been heard before.

The Rationality of Scientific Discovery: The Aspect of the Theory of Creation :: Philosophical Science Scientific Papers

The Rationality of Scientific Discovery: The Aspect of the Theory of Creation ABSTRACT: In order to understand the rationality of scientific creation, we must first clarify the following: (1) the historical structure of scientific creation from starting point to breakthrough, and then to establishment; (2) the process from the primary through the productive aspects of the scientific problem, the idea of creation, the primary conjecture, the scientific hypothesis, and finally the emergence of the genetic structure establishing the theory; and (3) the problem threshold of rationality in scientific creation. Given that the theory of scientific creation adopts the descriptive viewpoint of rationality, it therefore establishes rational principles such as the following: (1) a superlogical mode of thinking; (2) an analysable genetic structure which consists of the primary and productive aspects (including experiential facts, background theory, operational means, higher irrational factors, etc.); (3) a means of recourse to the effect of incubation of a higher idea; (4 ) a movement in thinking from generality to particularity; and (5) the replacement of irrational by rational factors. 1.The Logic Theory of Scientific Discovery and the Irrational Theory of Scientific Discovery The modern forms of the logic theory of scientific discovery have abandoned the discovery model of pure logic, and search after the discovery logic in a broad sense. Both the retrospective inference which Hanson initiated and the inductive which Maclauin elucidated deserve serious attention among them [1]. Their common charateristics are to resort to the irrational factors, at the same time, they are unable to expound the process of emergence of the new ideas. In addition, the rationality of discovery is summed up into "the algorithm" or "the patterns of discovery" is still put forward, and it holds that it is according to the overeconomical principle that the discovery of the scientific laws discovers "the patterns" in experience and data [3]. They are both the different expression of discovery logic, the former is a kind of logic of problem solving, the latter is actually an inductive inference. Their common shortcomings are the simplification and to be unable to reveal how the new ideas occur in the process of scientific creation. The irrational theory of discovery advocates "the method of bisection" of discovery and verification and holds that the scientific discovery is "the intuitional result like poetry" (Popper), and doesn't thoroughly have the possibility of epistemological research (L. Laudan) [4]. The problems of scientific discovery should be studies by psychology and sociology.

Kant & ontological proof

The basic principles of ontology are argument for existence of God as a predicate and argument for God’s existence as a necessary existence. The first leg of the argument states: God is the greatest and most perfect being that can be conceived. Existence in imagination and reality is greater than existence in imagination only. Therefore, God really exists. The second leg of the argument is that: God is the entity than which nothing greater can be conceived. It is greater to be necessary than not. God must be necessary. God necessarily exists.Kant’s objection to conceived God as proof of his actual existence is premised on the ability of everything that is said to exist to have some features or characteristics attributable to them. He argued that existence is not a property or the constituent of a thing. Anything that has the property of being non-existent cannot possibly have any other property.  David Hume’s objection is that nothing can be proved a priori. Pr oving a priori is through an opposite contradiction. The resultant contradiction makes something inconceivable. Nothing can be proven a priori, since it is impossible to comprehend anything not existing.Norman Malcolm, in defending the idea of God, maintains that while it may be true that existence of God as a predicate for his reality may be unsustainable, he calls attention to another twist of the argument, which is necessary existence. He argues that where the idea of God, greater than which nothing can be conceived, is possible, it is therefore logically consistent that He necessarily exists. I agree with Malcolm. God must necessarily exist so that the existence of other beings can be traced to Him, who in himself is self existent.REFERENCE.1. Malcolm Norman (Prentice Hall, 1963), Knowledge and Certainty: Essays and Lectures (Englewood Cliffs, N.).

McDonalds Video Advertisement Essay

This paper analyzes the rhetorical features of one particular video advertisement (2010 see Reference list for details) that was issued on the internet by the multinational burger company McDonalds. It now circulates on the internet with and without the English subtitles. The subtitled text of the advert is a very brief nine lines long, followed by the single tag line â€Å"Come as You are† and the full text is given below at Appendix 1. Hill and Helmers (2008, pp. 51-53) describe how a video uses a particular type of persuasion called â€Å"visual argument† which is rhetorical rather than logical or dialectical. The medium is very compressed and this does not allow full exposition of claim, argument, rebuttal, etc but on the other hand the visual aspect lends a sense of immediacy which written text does not have. They warn, however, that the apparent advantage of seeing rather than reading is partly illusory, since the images presented are highly structured and filtered so as to present a particular viewpoint. In their terminology the McDonalds advert would fall into the category of â€Å"didactic narrative†. The target market for McDonalds products is generally young families and teenagers. The opening shots set a scene which is familiar to this group: a busy and noisy McDonalds restaurant with many smiling faces. A father waits to be served while a son sits at a formica table and talks on his mobile telephone while looking at a photograph. Across the world, in France as well as in other countries, this is a regular occurrence and will resonate with both older and younger viewers who see themselves in the father or son role. The dresscode in the video is casual and â€Å"cool† as evidenced by the beanie hat worn by a customer, and the hoodie worn by the boy who talks. This is typical of styles popular with young urban males. At first it looks like a mainstream father and son, where the son talks to someone romantically on his cellphone. The person on the other end of the telephone is neither seen nor heard and one just assumes out of habit that this person is female. Lines 1-4 are spoken by the boy. The father arrives and lines 5-9 are spoken by the father. As the father quizzes the boy and makes a comparison with himself, the facial expression of the boy makes it clear that the father is not aware of a crucial difference between them: the boy is gay. The Tag line which is presented on a plain screen at the end just before the McDonalds logo â€Å"Come as you are† tacitly acknowledges that people are different, and extends a welcome to all kinds of people. It does not matter whether they are older or younger, gay or straight, they should still come to McDonalds and eat together. The claim, or main issue which the video presents is that diversity is a good thing, and people should be welcome regardless of their sexual orientation. There is no explicit verbal argument to back this up, but the story presents the gay son in a favourable light. This is done by camera angles that focus on his face, and the choice of an attractive young French male actor dressed in pretty average teenage clothes. This is by no means extreme gay activism with stereotypical gay wardrobe, mannerisms and speaking style but a subtle depiction of a situation that a pretty average young gay man is likely to encounter. It all looks and is intended to look â€Å"normal†. The video is youth-focused, because it lets the audience see things from the boy’s perspective, while making it obvious that the father does not appreciate the insider information which audience and boy share. The father represents the traditional French male role model of an experienced older man who is successful with women. The son represents a more up to date role model of a gay French man. An interesting aspect of the video is that there are a number of appeals going on at the same time in different directions. On the one hand there is a main message conveyed by pathos, which shows the young boy’s romantic feelings towards his boyfriend, and his wry acceptance of his father’s old fashioned and rather macho attitudes. On the other hand there is some authority and believability in the role of the father who pays for the meal and takes a positive and fatherly interest in his son. The son is inward looking and reflective, using the personal pronoun â€Å"I† to reveal his feelings, while the father uses the pronoun â€Å"you† more often and directs his feelings outwards. The father cites the evidence of his own experience to offer an example for the boy to follow in his footsteps. McDonalds will be well aware that parents and teenage children, and the sometimes complex and difficult relationship between them is absolutely the territory in which they operate their business. They provide a framework, something like a neutral territory, in which this generational conflict can be worked through, via the activity of buying and eating fast food. In making the gay-friendly message implicit, rather than explicit, McDonalds avoids the possible outcome of presenting a crass or sensationalist message. The way gaps in the narrative are left for the viewer to supply is also very clever, because it flatters the audience and forces them to get involved in constructing the meaning of the advertisement. Ambiguity used in this way is a very powerful rhetorical technique. There is still, of course, the possibility that some viewers will react negatively to the overturning of the traditionally dominant heterosexual point of view. Some viewers will resist the gay-friendly message that is being constructed but this, too, is part of the writer’s intention. Advertisers often court controversy as a means to extend the impact of their message and this is a prime example of that. If some viewers react with an indignant and anti-gay blog post or a you tube video or text response then this in turn provokes pro-gay and pro-McDonald posts from the viewers. The message is then guaranteed durability and a wider circulation. In purely technical production terms this video is a model of economy and precision. There are only two speakers, and each takes only one conversation turn. The product is never mentioned, and the instant recognizability factor with this brand makes this irrelevant in any case. Just in case there is any doubt in the viewer’s mind, however, the logo is added at the end. The colors are muted, and the mood is a gentle family intimacy with some tension caused by the unspoken facts which change the surface meaning of the discourse. Deep meaning is conveyed in shots of the changing expressions on the son’s face, and these meanings are obliquely referred to in the tag line â€Å"Come as you are†. This phrase is used in standard English to mean something like â€Å"don’t dress up specially – there is no need to be formal† and the McDonalds ad suggests an extension of this to mean something like â€Å"you don’t need to pretend you are straight, just be yourself† for a young and gay friendly audience, or â€Å"you don’t need to worry if your son is gay, just come and eat with him as normal† for an older audience who may be less open towards a gay message. The advert makes a plea for tolerance, not for any particular orientation. All of the components of the advert, even including the brief snippet of song saying â€Å"I’m going on my way† at the end, support these same messages and the images work, because they rest on a long McDonalds formula of adverts showing intimate conversations in busy restaurant scenes, but incorporate this new â€Å"diversity† based angle in a positive, friendly and contemporary way. Appendix 1. 1. Boy: Hello? 2. Boy: I was thinking about you too. 3. Boy: I miss you too. 4. Boy: My dad’s coming, I have to hang up. 5. Father: Is this your class picture? 6. Father: You look just like me at your age/ 7. Father: Let me tell you I was quite the ladies’ man! 8. Father: Too bad your class is all boys†¦ 9. Father: You could get all the girls. (Song in the background) 10. Tag line replaces the pictures : Come as you are. Hill, Charles A. and Helmers, Marguerite (2008) Defining Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lunsford, Andrea A. , Ruskiewicz, John J. , Walters, Keith. (2009) Everything’s an Argument. Boston: Bedford books. McDonald’s video advert â€Å"Come as You Are†, (2010) in French with English subtitles. Available online at: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=xk8xyONKK_4&feature=related